Young radio galaxies and their environments

Many of the powerful radio galaxies observed at high redshift are very small, presumably because they are very young. A simple model, which treats the radio source as a bubble expanding into a radially stratified medium, is capable of explaining the main features of their size and luminosity evolution. In particular, the model predicts strong negative luminosity evolution with increasing size, thus accounting for the large number of short-lived small sources in flux-limited samples. A variety of observational characteristics can be understood within the framework of the bubble model. I address three of these: 1) the number versus size statistics, which may provide a clue that jets in radio galaxies are intermittent, with “on–off” cycles lasting only 10 − 10 yr; 2) the rarity of spectral steepening due to synchrotron cooling at frequencies of a few GHz, and its implications for source geometry and assumptions about equipartition; and 3) the prevalence of gigahertz-peaked spectra among small sources. I argue that all of these phenomena are primarily the consequence of the youth and compactness of the radio source, and depend only weakly on environment. There is no need to postulate an ISM with properties any different from that of an ordinary nearby galaxy.